Salivary Cortisol:
Over the past 3 years, Cortisol and the effects of stress were on the cover of Newsweek, oral diagnostics was the focus of another major CNN news report, and hormones were the central topic of the Oprah Winfrey Show.
In the U.S. experts are expounding on the association between salivary analytes and everything from weight gain to the ability to have healthy relationships.
At Salimetrics we are simultaneously buoyed and burdened by this. After 20 years of research involving development and integration of salivary assays into behavioral and health science, we think the field is ready to begin to translate what we have learned so it can benefit the world.
We suspect you concur and we're inviting you to assist us in speeding the research lifecycle by participating in our new initiatives to advance salivary analyte-based research: The Spit Report, Spit Camp, and a network of Centers and Laboratories of Excellence
Looking for previous studies:
Cortisol (hydrocortisone, Compound F) is
the major glucocorticoid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is
actively involved in the regulation of calcium absorption, blood pressure
maintenance, anti-inflammatory function, gluconeogenesis, gastric acid and
pepsin secretion, and immune function. (1,2,3) Cortisol production has a
circadian rhythm. (4) Levels peak in the early morning and drop to the lowest
concentration at night. (5) Levels rise independently of circadian rhythm in response
to stress. (6) Increased cortisol production is associated with Cushing’s
syndrome and adrenal tumors, while decreased cortisol production is associated
with adrenal insufficiency (e.g., Addison’s disease) and adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH) deficiency. (7)
In the blood only 1 to 15% of cortisol is
in its unbound or biologically active form. The remaining cortisol is bound to
serum proteins. (8) Unbound serum cortisol enters the saliva via intracellular
mechanisms, and in saliva the majority of cortisol remains unbound to protein.
(9)
Salivary cortisol levels are unaffected by
salivary flow rate or salivary enzymes. (10) Studies consistently report high
correlations between serum and saliva cortisol, indicating that salivary
cortisol levels reliably estimate serum cortisol levels. (11,12,13)
References
1. Migeon, C.J., & Lanes, R.L. (1990).
Adrenal cortex: hypo- and hyperfunction. In F. Lifshitz (ed.), Pediatric
endocrinology, a clinical guide (2nd ed.), (pp. 333-52). New York: Marcel
Dekker.
2. Drucker, S., New, M.I. (1987). Disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis. Pediatr
Clin North Am, 34(4), 1055-66.
3. Fischbach, F.T. (1992). The manual of
laboratory and diagnostic tests, (4th ed.). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
4. Dorn, L.D., Lucke, J.F., Loucks, T.L., Berga,
S.L. (2007). Salivary cortisol reflects serum cortisol: analysis of circadian
profiles. Ann Clin Biochem, 44(pt 3), 281-84.
5. Chernow, B., Alexander, H.R., Smallridge,
R.C., et al. (1987). Hormonal responses to graded surgical stress. Arch Intern
Med, 147(7), 1273-78.
6. Kreiger, D.T. (1975). Rhythms of ACTH and
corticosteroid secretion in health and disease and their experimental
modification. J Steroid Biochem, 6(5), 758-91.
7. Rothfield, B. (1974). Plasma cortisol. In:
B. Rothfield (ed.), Nuclear medicine–in vitro (pp. 120-5). Philadelphia:
Lippincott.
8. Robin, P., Predine, J., Milgrom, E. (1977).
Assay of unbound cortisol in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 46(2), 277-83.
9. Vining, R.F., McGinley, R.A., Symons, R.G.
(1983). Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for
clinical interpretation. Clin Chem, 29(10), 1752-56.
10. Vining, R.F., McGinley, R.A. (1987). The
measurement of hormones in saliva: Possibilities and pitfalls. J Steroid
Biochem, 27(1-3), 81-94.
11. Francis, S.J., Walker, R.F., Riad-Fahmy,
D., et al. (1987). Assessment of adrenocortical activity in term newborn
infants using salivary cortisol determinations. J of Pediatrics, 111, 129-33.
12. Hiramatsu, R. (1981). Direct assay of
cortisol in human saliva by solid phase radioimmunoassay and its clinical
applications. Clinica Chimica Acta, 117, 239-249.
13. Vining, R.F., McGinley, R.A., Maksvytis,
J.J., Ho, K.Y. (1983). Salivary cortisol: A better measure of adrenal cortical
function than serum cortisol. Ann Clin Biochem, 20(pt 6), 329-35.
Link to Prof Douglas Granger Johns Hopkins University: Center Salivary Bioscience
Link to Westminster University Cortisol Research: Link
Link to Prof Angela Clow, Westminster University Stress Research Papers: Link
Link to Prof Douglas Granger Johns Hopkins University: Center Salivary Bioscience
Link to Westminster University Cortisol Research: Link
Link to Prof Angela Clow, Westminster University Stress Research Papers: Link
Saliva Collection Methods
Intended Use: Adults, Children 6+,
Expressed Samples
Passive Drool (PD):
Volume Capacity: 2mL
Ease of Use: Moderate
Passive drool is highly recommended because
it is cost effective and approved for use with almost all analytes. To avoid
problems with analyte retention or the introduction of contaminants, use only
high quality polypropylene vials for collection.
Required Devices
Cryovials +Saliva Collection Aid +Bar-coded
Labels +2″ Storage Box
Intended Use: Adults, Children 6+
Salimetrics Oral Swab (SOS):
Volume Capacity: 2mL
Ease of Use: Simple
For many analytes, the Salimetrics Oral
Swab (SOS) is an excellent alternative to passive drool because of its ease of
use. The SOS also helps filter mucus and other matter from the sample, which
may help improve immunoassay results.
Required Devices
SOS +SST +Bar-coded Labels +4″ Storage
Box
Intended Use: Children 6 months - 6 years
Salimetrics Children's Swab (SCS):
Volume Capacity: 2mL
Ease of Use: Simple
Manufactured with the same material as the
SOS but in a longer length, the SCS features a thin diameter (8mm) to suit
smaller mouths, and the durable polymer withstands chewing. The longer length
allows one end to be held by a parent or technician while the other end is
placed in the mouth. The SCS has the same freedom from interference and verified
recoveries as our regular Salimetrics Oral Swab (SOS). Samples collected using
the SCS can be tested for cortisol, cotinine, testosterone, SIgA,
alpha-amylase, CRP and chromogranin A.
Required Devices
SCS +SST +Bar-coded Labels +4″ Storage
Box
Intended Use: Children <6 months
Salimetrics Infant's Swab (SIS):
Volume Capacity: 1mL
Ease of Use: Simple
Manufactured with the same material as the
SOS but in a longer length, the SIS features a thin diameter (5mm) to suit the
mouths of infants. The longer length allows one end to be held by a parent or
technician, eliminating any choking hazard. The SIS has the same freedom from
interference and verified recoveries as our regular SOS and SCS. Samples collected
using the SIS can be tested for cortisol, cotinine, testosterone, SIgA,
alpha-amylase, CRP and chromogranin A.
Required Devices
SIS +SST +Bar-coded Labels +4″ Storage
Box
Intended Use: Animals
Salimetrics Children's Swab (SCS):
Volume Capacity: 2mL
Ease of Use: Simple
Manufactured with the same material as the
SOS but in a longer length, the SCS features a thin diameter (8mm) to suit
smaller mouths, and the durable polymer withstands chewing. The longer length
allows one end to be held by a parent or technician while the other end is
placed in the mouth. The SCS has the same freedom from interference and
verified recoveries as our regular Salimetrics Oral Swab (SOS). Samples
collected using the SCS can be tested for cortisol, cotinine, testosterone,
SIgA, alpha-amylase, CRP and chromogranin A.
To discuss the supply of Salimetrics Salivary Cortisol Assay or out Saliva Testing Service, Contact us:
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